SDL/include/SDL3/SDL_thread.h

/*
  Simple DirectMedia Layer
  Copyright (C) 1997-2024 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>

  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
  arising from the use of this software.

  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
  freely, subject to the following restrictions:

  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
     appreciated but is not required.
  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
     misrepresented as being the original software.
  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
*/

#ifndef SDL_thread_h_
#define SDL_thread_h_

/**
 * # CategoryThread
 *
 * SDL thread management routines.
 */

#include <SDL3/SDL_stdinc.h>
#include <SDL3/SDL_error.h>

/* Thread synchronization primitives */
#include <SDL3/SDL_atomic.h>
#include <SDL3/SDL_mutex.h>

#if (defined(SDL_PLATFORM_WIN32) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_GDK)) && !defined(SDL_PLATFORM_WINRT)
#include <process.h> /* _beginthreadex() and _endthreadex() */
#endif

#include <SDL3/SDL_begin_code.h>
/* Set up for C function definitions, even when using C++ */
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/**
 * The SDL thread object.
 *
 * These are opaque data.
 *
 * \since This datatype is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_CreateThread
 * \sa SDL_WaitThread
 */
typedef struct SDL_Thread SDL_Thread;

/**
 * A unique numeric ID that identifies a thread.
 *
 * These are different that SDL_Thread objects, which are generally what an
 * application will operate on, but having a way to uniquely identify a
 * thread can be useful at times.
 *
 * \since This datatype is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_GetThreadID
 * \sa SDL_GetCurrentThreadID
 */
typedef Uint64 SDL_ThreadID;

/**
 * Thread local storage ID values.
 *
 * 0 is the invalid ID. An app can create these and then set data for
 * these IDs that is unique to each thread.
 *
 * \since This datatype is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_CreateTLS
 * \sa SDL_GetTLS
 * \sa SDL_SetTLS
 */
typedef Uint32 SDL_TLSID;

/**
 * The SDL thread priority.
 *
 * SDL will make system changes as necessary in order to apply the thread
 * priority. Code which attempts to control thread state related to priority
 * should be aware that calling SDL_SetThreadPriority may alter such state.
 * SDL_HINT_THREAD_PRIORITY_POLICY can be used to control aspects of this
 * behavior.
 *
 * \since This enum is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 */
typedef enum SDL_ThreadPriority {
    SDL_THREAD_PRIORITY_LOW,
    SDL_THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL,
    SDL_THREAD_PRIORITY_HIGH,
    SDL_THREAD_PRIORITY_TIME_CRITICAL
} SDL_ThreadPriority;

/**
 * The function passed to SDL_CreateThread() as the new thread's entry point.
 *
 * \param data what was passed as `data` to SDL_CreateThread()
 * \returns a value that can be reported through SDL_WaitThread().
 *
 * \since This datatype is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 */
typedef int (SDLCALL * SDL_ThreadFunction) (void *data);


#if (defined(SDL_PLATFORM_WIN32) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_GDK)) && !defined(SDL_PLATFORM_WINRT)

#ifndef SDL_BeginThreadFunction
/**
 * Macro that manages the compiler's `_beginthreadex` implementation.
 *
 * On Windows (and maybe other platforms), a program might use a different
 * C runtime than its libraries. Or, in SDL's case, it might use a C runtime
 * while SDL uses none at all.
 *
 * C runtimes expect to initialize thread-specific details when a new thread
 * is created, but to do this in SDL_CreateThread would require SDL to know
 * intimate details about the caller's C runtime, which is not possible.
 *
 * So SDL_CreateThread has two extra parameters, which are
 * hidden at compile time by macros: the C runtime's `_beginthreadex` and
 * `_endthreadex` entry points. If these are not NULL, they are used to spin
 * and terminate the new thread; otherwise the standard Win32 `CreateThread`
 * function is used. When `SDL_CreateThread` is called from a compiler that
 * needs this C runtime thread init function, macros insert the appropriate
 * function pointers for SDL_CreateThread's caller (which might be a different
 * compiler with a different runtime in different calls to SDL_CreateThread!).
 *
 * This defaults to `_beginthreadex` on Windows (and NULL everywhere else),
 * but apps that have extremely specific special needs can define this to
 * something else and the SDL headers will use it, passing the app-defined
 * value to SDL_CreateThread calls. Redefine this with caution!
 *
 * Unless you are doing something extremely complicated, like perhaps a
 * language binding, **you should never reference this directly**. Let SDL's
 * macros handle this platform-specific detail transparently!
 *
 * \threadsafety It is safe to call this macro from any thread.
 *
 * \since This macro is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_CreateThread
 */
#define SDL_BeginThreadFunction _beginthreadex
#endif

#ifndef SDL_EndThreadFunction
/**
 * Macro that manages the compiler's `_endthreadex` implementation.
 *
 * Please see the detailed explanation in SDL_BeginThreadFunction.
 *
 * This defaults to `_endthreadex` on Windows (and NULL everywhere else),
 * but apps that have extremely specific special needs can define this to
 * something else and the SDL headers will use it, passing the app-defined
 * value to SDL_CreateThread calls. Redefine this with caution!
 *
 * Unless you are doing something extremely complicated, like perhaps a
 * language binding, **you should never reference this directly**. Let SDL's
 * macros handle this platform-specific detail transparently!
 *
 * \threadsafety It is safe to call this macro from any thread.
 *
 * \since This macro is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_CreateThread
 */
#define SDL_EndThreadFunction _endthreadex
#endif
#endif

/* currently no other platforms than Windows use _beginthreadex/_endthreadex things. */
#ifndef SDL_WIKI_DOCUMENTATION_SECTION
#ifndef SDL_BeginThreadFunction
#define SDL_BeginThreadFunction NULL
#endif
#ifndef SDL_EndThreadFunction
#define SDL_EndThreadFunction NULL
#endif
#endif

#ifdef SDL_WIKI_DOCUMENTATION_SECTION

/* Note that this isn't the correct function signature, but this is what the API reference manual should look like for all intents and purposes. */

/**
 * Create a new thread with a default stack size.
 *
 * This is equivalent to calling:
 *
 * ```c
 * SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSize(fn, name, 0, data);
 * ```
 *
 * Note that this "function" is actually a macro that calls an internal
 * function with two extra parameters not listed here; they are
 * hidden through preprocessor macros and are needed to support various C
 * runtimes at the point of the function call. Language bindings that aren't
 * using the C headers will need to deal with this.
 *
 * Usually, apps should just call this function the same way on every platform and
 * let the macros hide the details. See SDL_BeginThreadFunction for the
 * technical details.
 *
 * \param fn the SDL_ThreadFunction function to call in the new thread
 * \param name the name of the thread
 * \param data a pointer that is passed to `fn`
 * \returns an opaque pointer to the new thread object on success, NULL if the
 *          new thread could not be created; call SDL_GetError() for more
 *          information.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSize
 * \sa SDL_WaitThread
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC SDL_Thread * SDLCALL SDL_CreateThread(SDL_ThreadFunction fn, const char *name, void *data);

/**
 * Create a new thread with a specific stack size.
 *
 * SDL makes an attempt to report `name` to the system, so that debuggers can
 * display it. Not all platforms support this.
 *
 * Thread naming is a little complicated: Most systems have very small limits
 * for the string length (Haiku has 32 bytes, Linux currently has 16, Visual
 * C++ 6.0 has _nine_!), and possibly other arbitrary rules. You'll have to
 * see what happens with your system's debugger. The name should be UTF-8 (but
 * using the naming limits of C identifiers is a better bet). There are no
 * requirements for thread naming conventions, so long as the string is
 * null-terminated UTF-8, but these guidelines are helpful in choosing a name:
 *
 * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/149932/naming-conventions-for-threads
 *
 * If a system imposes requirements, SDL will try to munge the string for it
 * (truncate, etc), but the original string contents will be available from
 * SDL_GetThreadName().
 *
 * The size (in bytes) of the new stack can be specified. Zero means "use the
 * system default" which might be wildly different between platforms. x86
 * Linux generally defaults to eight megabytes, an embedded device might be a
 * few kilobytes instead. You generally need to specify a stack that is a
 * multiple of the system's page size (in many cases, this is 4 kilobytes, but
 * check your system documentation).
 *
 * Note that this "function" is actually a macro that calls an internal
 * function with two extra parameters not listed here; they are
 * hidden through preprocessor macros and are needed to support various C
 * runtimes at the point of the function call. Language bindings that aren't
 * using the C headers will need to deal with this.
 *
 * The actual symbol in SDL's library is `SDL_CreateThreadRuntime` (or
 * `SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSpaceRuntime`), so there is no symbol clash, but
 * trying to load an SDL shared library and look for "SDL_CreateThread"
 * will fail.
 *
 * Usually, apps should just call this function the same way on every platform and
 * let the macros hide the details. See SDL_BeginThreadFunction for the
 * technical details.
 *
 * \param fn the SDL_ThreadFunction function to call in the new thread
 * \param name the name of the thread
 * \param stacksize the size, in bytes, to allocate for the new thread stack.
 * \param data a pointer that is passed to `fn`
 * \returns an opaque pointer to the new thread object on success, NULL if the
 *          new thread could not be created; call SDL_GetError() for more
 *          information.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_CreateThread
 * \sa SDL_WaitThread
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC SDL_Thread * SDLCALL SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSize(SDL_ThreadFunction fn, const char *name, const size_t stacksize, void *data);
#endif

#ifndef SDL_WIKI_DOCUMENTATION_SECTION
/* These are the actual functions exported from SDL! Don't use them directly! Use the SDL_CreateThread and SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSize macros! */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC SDL_Thread *SDLCALL SDL_CreateThreadRuntime(SDL_ThreadFunction fn, const char *name, void *data, SDL_FunctionPointer pfnBeginThread, SDL_FunctionPointer pfnEndThread);
extern SDL_DECLSPEC SDL_Thread *SDLCALL SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSizeRuntime(SDL_ThreadFunction fn, const char *name, const size_t stacksize, void *data,SDL_FunctionPointer pfnBeginThread, SDL_FunctionPointer pfnEndThread);
#define SDL_CreateThread(fn, name, data) SDL_CreateThreadRuntime(fn, name, data, (SDL_FunctionPointer) (SDL_BeginThreadFunction), (SDL_FunctionPointer) (SDL_EndThreadFunction))
#define SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSize(fn, name, stacksize, data) SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSizeRuntime(fn, name, stacksize, data, (SDL_FunctionPointer) (SDL_BeginThreadFunction), (SDL_FunctionPointer) (SDL_EndThreadFunction))
#endif

/**
 * Get the thread name as it was specified in SDL_CreateThread().
 *
 * This is internal memory, not to be freed by the caller, and remains valid
 * until the specified thread is cleaned up by SDL_WaitThread().
 *
 * \param thread the thread to query
 * \returns a pointer to a UTF-8 string that names the specified thread, or
 *          NULL if it doesn't have a name.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC const char *SDLCALL SDL_GetThreadName(SDL_Thread *thread);

/**
 * Get the thread identifier for the current thread.
 *
 * This thread identifier is as reported by the underlying operating system.
 * If SDL is running on a platform that does not support threads the return
 * value will always be zero.
 *
 * This function also returns a valid thread ID when called from the main
 * thread.
 *
 * \returns the ID of the current thread.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_GetThreadID
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC SDL_ThreadID SDLCALL SDL_GetCurrentThreadID(void);

/**
 * Get the thread identifier for the specified thread.
 *
 * This thread identifier is as reported by the underlying operating system.
 * If SDL is running on a platform that does not support threads the return
 * value will always be zero.
 *
 * \param thread the thread to query
 * \returns the ID of the specified thread, or the ID of the current thread if
 *          `thread` is NULL.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_GetCurrentThreadID
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC SDL_ThreadID SDLCALL SDL_GetThreadID(SDL_Thread * thread);

/**
 * Set the priority for the current thread.
 *
 * Note that some platforms will not let you alter the priority (or at least,
 * promote the thread to a higher priority) at all, and some require you to be
 * an administrator account. Be prepared for this to fail.
 *
 * \param priority the SDL_ThreadPriority to set
 * \returns 0 on success or a negative error code on failure; call
 *          SDL_GetError() for more information.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetThreadPriority(SDL_ThreadPriority priority);

/**
 * Wait for a thread to finish.
 *
 * Threads that haven't been detached will remain (as a "zombie") until this
 * function cleans them up. Not doing so is a resource leak.
 *
 * Once a thread has been cleaned up through this function, the SDL_Thread
 * that references it becomes invalid and should not be referenced again. As
 * such, only one thread may call SDL_WaitThread() on another.
 *
 * The return code for the thread function is placed in the area pointed to by
 * `status`, if `status` is not NULL.
 *
 * You may not wait on a thread that has been used in a call to
 * SDL_DetachThread(). Use either that function or this one, but not both, or
 * behavior is undefined.
 *
 * It is safe to pass a NULL thread to this function; it is a no-op.
 *
 * Note that the thread pointer is freed by this function and is not valid
 * afterward.
 *
 * \param thread the SDL_Thread pointer that was returned from the
 *               SDL_CreateThread() call that started this thread
 * \param status pointer to an integer that will receive the value returned
 *               from the thread function by its 'return', or NULL to not
 *               receive such value back.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_CreateThread
 * \sa SDL_DetachThread
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_WaitThread(SDL_Thread * thread, int *status);

/**
 * Let a thread clean up on exit without intervention.
 *
 * A thread may be "detached" to signify that it should not remain until
 * another thread has called SDL_WaitThread() on it. Detaching a thread is
 * useful for long-running threads that nothing needs to synchronize with or
 * further manage. When a detached thread is done, it simply goes away.
 *
 * There is no way to recover the return code of a detached thread. If you
 * need this, don't detach the thread and instead use SDL_WaitThread().
 *
 * Once a thread is detached, you should usually assume the SDL_Thread isn't
 * safe to reference again, as it will become invalid immediately upon the
 * detached thread's exit, instead of remaining until someone has called
 * SDL_WaitThread() to finally clean it up. As such, don't detach the same
 * thread more than once.
 *
 * If a thread has already exited when passed to SDL_DetachThread(), it will
 * stop waiting for a call to SDL_WaitThread() and clean up immediately. It is
 * not safe to detach a thread that might be used with SDL_WaitThread().
 *
 * You may not call SDL_WaitThread() on a thread that has been detached. Use
 * either that function or this one, but not both, or behavior is undefined.
 *
 * It is safe to pass NULL to this function; it is a no-op.
 *
 * \param thread the SDL_Thread pointer that was returned from the
 *               SDL_CreateThread() call that started this thread
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_CreateThread
 * \sa SDL_WaitThread
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DetachThread(SDL_Thread * thread);

/**
 * Create a piece of thread-local storage.
 *
 * This creates an identifier that is globally visible to all threads but
 * refers to data that is thread-specific.
 *
 * \returns the newly created thread local storage identifier or 0 on error.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_GetTLS
 * \sa SDL_SetTLS
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC SDL_TLSID SDLCALL SDL_CreateTLS(void);

/**
 * Get the current thread's value associated with a thread local storage ID.
 *
 * \param id the thread local storage ID
 * \returns the value associated with the ID for the current thread or NULL if
 *          no value has been set; call SDL_GetError() for more information.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_SetTLS
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC void * SDLCALL SDL_GetTLS(SDL_TLSID id);

/**
 * Set the current thread's value associated with a thread local storage ID.
 *
 * The function prototype for `destructor` is:
 *
 * ```c
 * void destructor(void *value)
 * ```
 *
 * where its parameter `value` is what was passed as `value` to SDL_SetTLS().
 *
 * \param id the thread local storage ID
 * \param value the value to associate with the ID for the current thread
 * \param destructor a function called when the thread exits, to free the
 *                   value
 * \returns 0 on success or a negative error code on failure; call
 *          SDL_GetError() for more information.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 *
 * \sa SDL_GetTLS
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_SetTLS(SDL_TLSID id, const void *value, void (SDLCALL *destructor)(void*));

/**
 * Cleanup all TLS data for this thread.
 *
 * \since This function is available since SDL 3.0.0.
 */
extern SDL_DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_CleanupTLS(void);

/* Ends C function definitions when using C++ */
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#include <SDL3/SDL_close_code.h>

#endif /* SDL_thread_h_ */