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- <doc-anchor-target id="write-c-bindings" class="break-words">
- <h1>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#write-c-bindings">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>Write C++ Bindings</span>
- </h1>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <doc-anchor-target id="quick-start">
- <h2>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#quick-start">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>Quick Start</span>
- </h2>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <p>pkpy provides a <a href="https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/">pybind11</a> compatible layer which allows users to do convenient bindings.
- Header files are located in the <code translate="no" v-pre>include/pybind11</code> directory. Make sure you have added <code translate="no" v-pre>-Iinclude</code> to your compiler flags.</p>
- <p>To begin with, use <code translate="no" v-pre>py::scoped_interpreter guard{}</code> to start the interpreter before using any Python objects.
- Or explicitly call <code translate="no" v-pre>py::interpreter::initialize()</code> and <code translate="no" v-pre>py::interpreter::finalize()</code>.</p>
- <doc-anchor-target id="module">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#module">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>module</span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <div id="module-code-1" class="codeblock-wrapper"><doc-codeblock>
- <pre translate="no" class="language-cpp"><code v-pre class="language-cpp">#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
- namespace py = pybind11;
- PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(example, m) {
- m.def("add", [](int a, int b) {
- return a + b;
- });
- auto math = m.def_submodule("math");
- }</code></pre>
- </doc-codeblock></div>
- <doc-anchor-target id="function">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#function">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>function</span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <div id="function-code-1" class="codeblock-wrapper"><doc-codeblock>
- <pre translate="no" class="language-cpp"><code v-pre class="language-cpp">int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
- int add(int a, int b, int c) { return a + b + c; }
- void register_function(py::module_& m)
- {
- m.def("add", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&add));
- // support function overload
- m.def("add", py::overload_cast<int, int, int>(&add));
- // bind with default arguments
- m.def("sub", [](int a, int b) {
- return a - b;
- }, py::arg("a") = 1, py::arg("b") = 2);
- // bind *args
- m.def("add", [](py::args args) {
- int sum = 0;
- for (auto& arg : args) {
- sum += arg.cast<int>();
- }
- return sum;
- });
- // bind **kwargs
- m.def("add", [](py::kwargs kwargs) {
- int sum = 0;
- for (auto item : kwargs) {
- sum += item.second.cast<int>();
- }
- return sum;
- });
- }</code></pre>
- </doc-codeblock></div>
- <doc-anchor-target id="class">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#class">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>class</span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <div id="class-code-1" class="codeblock-wrapper"><doc-codeblock>
- <pre translate="no" class="language-cpp"><code v-pre class="language-cpp">struct Point
- {
- const int x;
- int y;
- public:
- Point() : x(0), y(0) {}
- Point(int x, int y) : x(x), y(y) {}
- Point(const Point& p) : x(p.x), y(p.y) {}
- std::string stringfy() const {
- return "(" + std::to_string(x) + ", " + std::to_string(y) + ")";
- }
- };
- struct Point3D : Point
- {
- private:
- int z;
- public:
- Point3D(int x, int y, int z) : Point(x, y), z(z) {}
- int get_z() const { return z; }
- void set_z(int z) { this->z = z; }
- };
- void bind_class(py::module_& m)
- {
- py::class_<Point>(m, "Point")
- .def(py::init<>())
- .def(py::init<int, int>())
- .def(py::init<const Point&>())
- .def_readonly("x", &Point::x)
- .def_readwrite("y", &Point::y)
- .def("__str__", &Point::stringfy);
- // only support single inheritance
- py::class_<Point3D, Point>(m, "Point3D", py::dynamic_attr())
- .def(py::init<int, int, int>())
- .def_property("z", &Point3D::get_z, &Point3D::set_z);
- // dynamic_attr will enable the dict of bound class
- }</code></pre>
- </doc-codeblock></div>
- <doc-anchor-target id="operators">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#operators">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>operators</span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <div id="operators-code-1" class="codeblock-wrapper"><doc-codeblock>
- <pre translate="no" class="language-cpp"><code v-pre class="language-cpp">#include <pybind11/operators.h>
- namespace py = pybind11;
- struct Int {
- int value;
- Int(int value) : value(value) {}
- Int operator+(const Int& other) const {
- return Int(value + other.value);
- }
- Int operator-(const Int& other) const {
- return Int(value - other.value);
- }
- bool operator==(const Int& other) const {
- return value == other.value;
- }
- bool operator!=(const Int& other) const {
- return value != other.value;
- }
- };
- void bind_operators(py::module_& m)
- {
- py::class_<Int>(m, "Int")
- .def(py::init<int>())
- .def(py::self + py::self)
- .def(py::self - py::self)
- .def(py::self == py::self)
- .def(py::self != py::self);
- // other operators are similar
- }</code></pre>
- </doc-codeblock></div>
- <doc-anchor-target id="pyobject">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#pyobject">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>py::object</span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <p><code translate="no" v-pre>py::object</code> is just simple wrapper around <code translate="no" v-pre>PyVar</code>. It supports some convenient methods to interact with Python objects.</p>
- <p>here are some common methods:</p>
- <div id="pyobject-code-1" class="codeblock-wrapper"><doc-codeblock>
- <pre translate="no" class="language-cpp"><code v-pre class="language-cpp">obj.attr("x"); // access attribute
- obj[1]; // access item
- obj.is_none(); // same as obj is None in Python
- obj.is(obj2); // same as obj is obj2 in Python
- // operators
- obj + obj2; // same as obj + obj2 in Python
- // ...
- obj == obj2; // same as obj == obj2 in Python
- // ...
- obj(...); // same as obj.__call__(...)
- py::cast(obj); // cast to Python object
- obj.cast<T>; // cast to C++ type
- py::type::of(obj); // get type of obj
- py::type::of<T>(); // get type of T, if T is registered</code></pre>
- </doc-codeblock></div>
- <p>you can also create some builtin objects with their according wrappers:</p>
- <div id="pyobject-code-2" class="codeblock-wrapper"><doc-codeblock>
- <pre translate="no" class="language-cpp"><code v-pre class="language-cpp">py::bool_ b = {true};
- py::int_ i = {1};
- py::float_ f = {1.0};
- py::str s = {"hello"};
- py::list l = {1, 2, 3};
- py::tuple t = {1, 2, 3};
- // ...</code></pre>
- </doc-codeblock></div>
- <doc-anchor-target id="more-examples">
- <h2>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#more-examples">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>More Examples</span>
- </h2>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <p>More examples please see the test <a href="https://github.com/pocketpy/gsoc-2024-dev/tree/main/pybind11/tests">folder</a> in the GSoC repository. All tested features are supported.</p>
- <doc-anchor-target id="limits-and-comparison">
- <h2>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#limits-and-comparison">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>Limits and Comparison</span>
- </h2>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <p>This is a feature list of pybind11 for pocketpy. It lists all completed and pending features. It also lists the features that cannot be implemented in the current version of pocketpy.</p>
- <doc-anchor-target id="function-1">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#function-1">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span><a href="https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/advanced/functions.html">Function</a></span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <ul class="contains-task-list">
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Function overloading</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Return value policy</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> is_prepend</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>*args</code> and <code translate="no" v-pre>**kwargs</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Keep-alive</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Call Guard</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Default arguments</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Keyword-Only arguments</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Positional-Only arguments</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Allow/Prohibiting None arguments</li>
- </ul>
- <doc-anchor-target id="class-1">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#class-1">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span><a href="https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/classes.html">Class</a></span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <ul class="contains-task-list">
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Creating bindings for a custom type</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Binding lambda functions</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Dynamic attributes</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Inheritance and automatic downcasting</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Enumerations and internal types</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Instance and static fields</li>
- </ul>
- <blockquote>
- <p>Binding static fields may never be implemented in pocketpy because it requires a metaclass, which is a heavy and infrequently used feature.</p>
- </blockquote>
- <doc-anchor-target id="exceptions">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#exceptions">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span><a href="https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/advanced/exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <p>Need further discussion.</p>
- <doc-anchor-target id="smart-pointers">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#smart-pointers">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span><a href="https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/advanced/smart_ptrs.html">Smart pointers</a></span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <ul class="contains-task-list">
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> std::shared_ptr</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> std::unique_ptr</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Custom smart pointers</li>
- </ul>
- <doc-anchor-target id="type-conversions">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#type-conversions">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span><a href="https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/advanced/cast/index.html">Type conversions</a></span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <ul class="contains-task-list">
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Python built-in types</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> STL Containers</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Functional</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Chrono</li>
- </ul>
- <doc-anchor-target id="python-c-interface">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#python-c-interface">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span><a href="https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/advanced/pycpp/object.html">Python C++ interface</a></span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <p>Need further discussion.</p>
- <ul class="contains-task-list">
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>object</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>none</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>type</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>bool_</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>int_</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>float_</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>str</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>bytes</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>bytearray</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>tuple</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>list</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>set</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>dict</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>slice</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>iterable</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>iterator</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>function</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>buffer</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>memoryview</code></li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> <code translate="no" v-pre>capsule</code></li>
- </ul>
- <doc-anchor-target id="miscellaneous">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#miscellaneous">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span><a href="https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/advanced/misc.html">Miscellaneous</a></span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <ul class="contains-task-list">
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" /> Binding sequence data types, iterators, the slicing protocol, etc.</li>
- <li class="task-list-item"><input disabled="disabled" type="checkbox" checked="checked" /> Convenient operators binding</li>
- </ul>
- <doc-anchor-target id="differences-between-cpython-and-pocketpy">
- <h3>
- <doc-anchor-trigger class="header-anchor-trigger" to="#differences-between-cpython-and-pocketpy">#</doc-anchor-trigger>
- <span>Differences between CPython and pocketpy</span>
- </h3>
- </doc-anchor-target>
- <ul>
- <li><p>only <code translate="no" v-pre>add</code>, <code translate="no" v-pre>sub</code> and <code translate="no" v-pre>mul</code> have corresponding right versions in pocketpy. So if you bind <code translate="no" v-pre>int() >> py::self</code>, it will has no effect in pocketpy.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p><code translate="no" v-pre>__new__</code> and <code translate="no" v-pre>__del__</code> are not supported in pocketpy.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p>in-place operators, such as <code translate="no" v-pre>+=</code>, <code translate="no" v-pre>-=</code>, <code translate="no" v-pre>*=</code>, etc., are not supported in pocketpy.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p>the return value of <code translate="no" v-pre>globals</code> is immutable in pocketpy.</p>
- </li>
- </ul>
-
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